Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet Politics

Recent years have seen a rise in the use of technology and the Internet for a plethora of interests, one of which is politics. Within the past decades, political candidates have taken increased advantage of the Internet for campaigns and political mobilization in order to gain supporters. Advantages of using Internet politics include finance, speed, and political capital, while disadvantages may include sever backlash. The Internet has become a significant medium through which politicians campaign, and for good reason. Currently, over 50% of the United States population uses the Internet (Kaid 679). Such an enormous portion of the population on the Internet provides for a large potential audience and, therefore, possibly more supporters†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the Internet allows individuals to receive â€Å"continuous information directly from candidates† (Kaid 677). With social media, followers of candidates can immediately be informed and updated. This also more easily connects politicians to their supporters and offers a form of interactivity and personalization that improves character perceptions and relatability of the candidates, garnering even more support and political capital. Internet fundraising is also a factor that has resulted in the popularization of the Internet for political campaigning. Internet fundraising appears to be superior to the traditional meth ods of raising money, phone calls and mail, as it is gradually replacing them (Rackaway 470). The ease and speed of the Internet makes taking online donations much more convenient than traditional fundraising methods. Not only can online fundraising increase income to be used for the campaign, but it can also â€Å"be very effective at enfranchising new voters† (Rackaway 480). In his study, Rackaway found that online fundraising is positively correlated to electoral success (Rackaway 482); this alone should be reason for political candidates to take up a larger online presence. The advantage of using online fundraising is demonstrated in the 2008 presidential election. Obama’s success in online fundraising for his campaign â€Å"†¦freed Mr. Obama from having to takeShow MoreRelatedThe Northern culture versus the Southern culture and How did they impact the Civil War962 Words   |  4 Pages000 soldiers. Culture is a big influence in the way a society performs. T he North and the South had different cultures from the beginning. They came from different economies, social structures, customs and political values. Each side had advantages and disadvantages. The cultures of each side helped them continue going forward during the Civil War. The main issue of accepting slavery became the core conflict between the two sides. My mission in this case study is to explain the different cultures ofRead Moreadvabtages and disadvantages of electronic media829 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Electronic Media is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and innovative solutions to everyday domestic and professional demands. We are living in the era of electronic media. None can avoid and escape from it. It is prevailing profound effects on advertisement, education, information, politics and other social activities. If we look around us what is there that is impossible to? It is none other than this electronic media that hasRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media857 Words   |  4 Pagesremember to use the sites responsibly and to check credibly on the information we receive. There are many advantages and disadvantages of easily obtainable information. Some of the advantages include getting information quickly, ease of getting this information, and the amount of information you can gather. While this all might sound perfect, we should remember about the disadvantages. The easily obtainable information has made for an impatient and lazy generation that feels entitled. WithRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1280 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch is accurate? Being able to have information rapidly available can be beneficial, though distinguishing fact from fiction can be one of the biggest downfalls of information accessible through social media. Internet Information: Advantages and Disadvantages Having access to the internet and the information it contains is an amazing tool that has been rapidly evolving over the last few decades. We have all been in situations where we have felt the need to â€Å"Google† something in conversation, somethingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. Media is used in numerous areas concerning politics. â€Å"Without the media’s investigations, citizens would be forced to rely entirely on the information provided by politicians and the government, and would be deprived of an indispensable opportunity to evaluate issues carefully andRead MoreInternet Is a Double Edge Sword850 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Internet has drastically changed the world. Within a short span of time, it has brought about a new evolution in the mode of networking; expanding from its users population from thousands to billions across the world. With the progression in time, the Internet has become a necessity, playing a major role in various human activities. Despite the Internet being an indispensable tool of human living, it can also be a double edge sword. The purpose of thi s essay is to examine how the internet bringsRead MoreMonolingual English Speaker797 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought up pertaining to the advantages of being a monolinguist, are monolingual English speakers at a disadvantage? Scholars have brought up the assertion that it will help them understand the English language more adequately (Source D), even to examine if it will help you think better. Moreover, they object, being able to know and understand multiple languages may be your passion and help you entangle yourself with the world. Whereas in reality, it doesn’t give you an advantage, a so-called step-up againstRead MoreIs Electoral Participation Necessary For Political Participation?1538 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation, it is one of the most significant and easiest to measure. Besides voting, there are numerous ways of getting involved in politics, such as signing a petition, joining a protest or even contacting an MP. Yet a minority of citizens in Great Britain does exercise their right to influence politicians on policy-making, albeit the number of those who are engaged in politics is generally decreasing. According to Whiteley (2012, p.35) petitions are the second most common form of political participationRead MoreGlobalization in Thai1612 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is the result of unprecedented changes in communications, multinational company, transportation, and deregulation market. This phenomenon is known as globalization. Globalization causes changes in cultures, economies, laws, migrations, and politics across the globe. There are many people from the West who know Eastern culture. For example, Asians use chopsticks to eat and bowing is the way to pay respect in Japan. Hence, it can be included that these are good points of globalization. Anoth erRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication aspect. So what its globalization and its effects on the United States? WHAT IS GLOBALIZTION? First off, we will search and explore some definitions of the term globalization. ?Globalization is the process of denationalization of markets, politics, and legal systems, i.e., the rise of the so-called global economy? (Introduction to Globalization, 2004). Another article states, ?Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that?s been bringing the world closer through the exchange

Monday, December 23, 2019

Data Analysis in the Cloud - 747 Words

V. DATA ANALYSIS IN THE CLOUD In this section we descus the expected properties of a system designed for performing data analysis at the cloud environment and how parallel database systems and MapReduce-based systems achieve these properties. Expected properties of a system designed for performing data analysis at cloud: †¢ Performance Performance is the primary characteristic of database systems that can use to select best solution for the system.High performance relate with quality, amount and depth of analysis. High performance helps to reduce cost.Upgrading to a quicker software package will permit an organization avoid adding further nodes to application continues to scale. †¢ Fault Tolerance. In transactional workloads fault tolerant means that DBMS can recover from a failure without losing any data. In the distributed databases fault tolerances means that successfully commit transactions and make progress even in the worker node failures. For read-only queries in analytical workloads, query doesn’t have to be restarted if a case of one node’s query fails.In cloud there is a high failure rate. It can happen in single node failure during long query processing. †¢ Ability to run in a heterogeneous environment Due to hardware failures in the system nodes in cloud not act as homogeneous. When the work is equally divided among all nodes, time takes to complete the task should be equal to time that needed slowest node needed to complete its portion of work. Because itsShow MoreRelatedFictitious Statistical Analysis Of Cloud Computing Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will present a fictitious statistical analysis of cloud computing, and the number of security issues encountered by a variety of organization types. The fictitious organizations were surveyed to collect data on the number of software and hardware applications outsourced to the cloud, and the number of security issues encountered. According to (Whitman and Mattord, 2012), information Security is the protection of the lifeblood of the organization — its information. SpecificallyRead MoreThe Primary Focus Of Behind The Literature Search Is To1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthe latest trends in the log analysis based monitoring tools of cloud which also provides the features for forensics ability. We list below our analysis of different papers we read which pertains information related to our topic. We have analyzed various tools and techniques available, which are doing log analysis on a cloud. The motive of which is to create a novel log based private cloud analysis build with the help of OpenStack cloud operating system. The paper ‘Cloud Computing Log Forensics- TheRead MoreCloud Computing Swot Analysis1014 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis A SWOT Analysis is a business tool used to assess a company’s competitive standing. More specifically, a SWOT Analysis will strategically measure strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. When measuring a company’s strengths, the analysis will assess characteristics or attributes of the company that give it a competitive advantage over others. When measuring a company’s weaknesses, the SWOT will identify ways in which other companies, in the same industry, outperform the companyRead MoreBusiness Environment Implementation Of Security And Risk Management Issues1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussed in this chapter and research questions as formulated in the introduction chapter are discussed against the data that has been made available in the sample used for the study. Cloud computing is the latest in information technology and the sophistication of the technology appears to be advancing every six months, keeping up with the cloud technology and the differe nt types of clouds that have emerged within the technology to suit different types of business environment have also increased theRead MoreMulti-Cloud Risk Management Project1109 Words   |  5 Pagespresents an emerging scalable and flexible Multi-Cloud prototype application service that will assist stock brokerage firms, investment bankers and private potential investors in making effective business decisions. Some of the computing software’s that will be utilised during the development of the application will include, but is not limited to, Amazon Elastic Web Service, Amazon Lambda, and Google Application Engine. Keywords — Multi-Cloud, Cloud Computing, Service Models, Monte Carlo simulationRead MoreFog Computing Of Smart City Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthe immense data generated in smart city. Fog computing can also be called as edge computing, is a distributed computing infrastructure in nature, for smart devices like mobile phones the application services should be maintained near the end user side but the services are handled at remote data server i.e. in cloud. Our aim is to reduce the amount of storage required, the time required in data processing and data analysis and the propagation time in cloud computing. Thus by handling data at networkRead MoreAndroid Lab Report1472 Words   |  6 Pages5.2. Residual Artifacts on Android Devices In these experiments, we performed a series of read, upload, and download operations on the sample data-set. The important parts and files of each browser are listed in Table-3. The investigation of each operation on each experimental VM is exposed in the later tables. This experiment found that the majority of artifacts are stored in database files of the storage layer of Android. File Viewer plus [4] HHHexEditorNeo [7] and SQLite DB Browser [14] are usedRead MoreIot Research Paper1224 Words   |  5 PagesHow Will The Cloud Be Able to Handle the Emergence of IoT Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) have spent the last several years in a sort of maximum-acceleration race where they’ve lapped the other players several times over and have only one another to measure against. IOT Expansion and Cloud Capacity Neither is slowing down, particularly the IoT. According to analysis firm Gartner, the number of IoT devices will hit 20.8 billion by 2020. The world population is expected to reachRead MoreHow Does A Cloud Service Is A Viable Option For Their Network Infrastructure1200 Words   |  5 Pagesregulations that may be applicable to the organization s operations, so long as they do not conflict with U.S. law. Before an organization determines whether a cloud service is a viable option for their network infrastructure, they must analyze the below requirements in order to determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and information on the current network. They must also examine the future auditing procedures that will be required in order to effectively conduct an externalRead MoreAnalysis Of Possibility On Migrating Patient Records To Cloud Analysis1571 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Possibility on Migrating Patient Records to Cloud Part 1 – Analysis on Patient Records 1.1 Overview Patient records are referred to as information related to individual patient, including patient personal information, insurance information, medical history, previous diagnosis, and prescriptions treatments. They are stored securely in hospital’s private data center, with only authorized limited visits from the hospital inside. Only featured doctors would be able to pull and read patients’

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Maket Structure-Micromax Free Essays

MARKET STRUCTURES What is a Market structure? In economics Market structure is the way the market is organized , based largely on the number of firms in the industry, number of buyers and levels of competition , for example Monopoly, oligopoly , Perfect Competition. Monopolistic competition is the market structure is the market structure I am going to base this assignment on. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic Competition is a type of imperfect competition such that producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as goods but not as perfect substitutes, they differ in terms of brand, quality, and location. We will write a custom essay sample on Maket Structure-Micromax or any similar topic only for you Order Now In monopolistic competition a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices of other firms. Monopolistic competition has the following Characteristics:- †¢ There are many producers and consumers in the market and no company has total control over the market price. There are very barriers in the entry exit of firms. †¢ Producers have a degree of control over prices. †¢ There is product differentiation. †¢ Independent decision making. Examples of Monopolistic competition:- Firms involving the selling toothpastes, soaps, electronics, and automobiles are examples of monopolistic competition. ANALYSIS OF A COMPANY IN MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Company name: MICROMAX About Micromax Micromax is a consumer Electronics Company found in 1991 and based in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It focuses primarily on the sale of Mobile phones, LED televisions as well as tablets. It has 23 domestic offices as well as offices in Honk Kong, Dubai, USA and also employs over 1400 employees. Micromax is the 3rd largest handset manufacturer and the 12th largest manufacturer in the world. As of 2012 , Micromax leads the Indian tablet market with a share of 18. 4% which is higher than even the likes of Apple and Samsung, it is also the 3rd largest mobile phone vendor in terms of volume. The company’s rapid market share growth since 2008 is primarily attributed to its aggressive low pricing and entry level segments of its products and its wide distribution setup. ANALYSIS OF A PRODUCT FROM MICROMAX Product name: MIcromax A116 Canvas HD The Micromas A116 Canvas HD was launched at the start of January 2013 and is the latest Smartphone to be launched by MIcromax and is also their best phone yet and aims to rival even the best Smartphones of international companies like Samsung, and Micromax has sought to do this with aggressive low pricing. Below are the specifications of the Micromax A116 HD |Screen and Resolution |5† HD(1280X720 pixels) | |Camera |8MP with LED flash front facing camera | |RAM |1 GB | |Operating system |Android 4. Jelly bean | |Memory storage |4 GB, expandable to 32 GB | |Processor |1. 2 GHz quad core ARM cortex | |Battery |2,100 mAh Battery(approx 21 hours) | Overview The Micromax A116 Canvas HD has a plastic built and has a very powerful chipset and processor, and has no physical keys as it is a full touch screen. The Smartphone also comes with the latest operating system from Android which is Jellybean, the battery is a 2,100 mAh battery which will last for an approximate 21 hours. Price The Micromax A116 HD is priced at 15,000 Rupees. COMPETITION AND THEIR PRICES The following tables are some competition from International Companies for Micromax:- Samsung |Samsung Galaxy Grand |21,500 | |Samsung Galaxy S3 |35,000 | |Samsung Galaxy S3 mini |24,000 | HTC |HTC One X |34000 | |HTC One S |22999 | |HTC One V |18000 | LG |LG Optimus G |35,000 | |LG Optimus L9 |19,899 | Nokia Nokia Lumia 620 |15,000 | |Nokia Lumia 920 |35,490 | |Nokia Lumia 900 |31,500 | The following are some competition from Domestic Companies for Micromax:- Karbonn Karbonn S1 Titanium |11,500 | ELASTICITY OF THE PRODUCT Price elasticity of Demand If the price of the product is increased by a particular amount, then the demand of the product will decrease by a further amount, as the consumer has a host of other alternatives to choose from and will choose the item which will give him the most satisfaction at a lower cost, therefore the demand for these phones are highly elastic. Elasticity Of Supply If the Market price of the product decreases by a particular amount then the firm will supply fewer products than the amount in which the price has increased , as the firm does not want to sell their products at a lower price and will wait till the price increases to again increase their supply, therefore Micromax has an elastic supply. ———————– MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION MARKET STRUCTURE RHYS CAMARA ROLL NUMBER -1 MARKET STRUCTURE How to cite Maket Structure-Micromax, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

12 Angry Man By Reginald Rose Essay Example For Students

12 Angry Man By Reginald Rose Essay In the 1950s, Reginald Rose penned his masterpiece, 12 Angry Men. This play introduces us to twelve men of various statures. All of these men are part of the jury who will decide the fate of a young man, who has been accused of murdering his father. At first glance of the testimonies of the witnesses in the trial, the reader, or audience, would probably agree with the norm of the jury on the guilt of the young man. If it werent for one character in this play, juror No. 8, the deliberations of this trial would have been non-existent. At the end of this story, another juror, No. 3, states his nearly impenetrable opinion, nearly causing a hung jury. After reading or watching this play, the audience has some insight into the fact that despite how unfavourable a persons opinion may be, it is the courage to hold ones ground sometimes with no other support but from him/herself that must be recognized as a virtue. This story starts off in the courtroom with the jurors making their way to the deliberation room to talk about and vote on the fate of the accused. A vote is cast to see where they stand with one another on their opinions. The men have various reasons for voting the ways they do. Take, for example, who No. 7 says, This better be fast. Ive got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight , or No. 2 who is a meek, hesitant man who finds it difficult to maintain any opinions of his own. Easily swayed and usually adopts the opinion of the last person to whom he has spoken, and No. 3 whose son wont talk to him anymore because of his fathers bitterness against young people. Some of the other men on the jury believe that you cant believe a word say, and since the boy is from the slums, they dont believe his testimony. It is only juror No. 8 who came into the jurors room with a non-bias attitude and who left his personal baggage at the door. He believes that maybe we owe him a few words, but the others believe that they dont owe him a thing. The evidence against the accused convinces all the jurors of the boys guilt, except for juror No. 8. The evidence that has convinced the rest of the jurors soon gets analyzed by juror No. 8, which causes the others think twice about their verdict. The reason why juror No. 8 went into such detail about all of the evidence is because had a peculiar feeling about this trial. Somehow felt that the defense never really conducted a thorough cross-examination. mean, was appointed by the court to defend the boy. He hardly seemed interested. Too many questions were left unasked. There were three pieces of evidence that the prosecution brought up, which each on its own, could have probably  convinced a jury of the boys guilt: the obscure knife, and the two witnesses: the old man , the neighbour downstairs, and the woman, the neighbour from across the street. All of these key pieces of evidence were looked over in the jurors room. Nobody but juror No. 8 saw the flaws with each. Take, for example, the rare switch-knife which we find out to be not-so-rare that the boy had bought from a local corner store. The storekeeper identified it and said it was the only one of its kind he had in stock. This testimony had convinced eleven of the jurors until juror No. 8 swiftly flicks open the blade of a switch-knife and jams it into the table next to the first one knife. They are exactly alike. After this incident, another juror sided with juror No. 8. Next, the old mans and the woman from across the streets testimonies gets put to their tests. Like juror No. 3 said, he old man heard the kill yell, Im gonna kill you. .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .postImageUrl , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:hover , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:visited , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:active { border:0!important; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:active , .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589 .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb8d25f88931bcddb3473d72c0687589:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "Araby" by Joyce EssayA second later he heard the fathers body falling, and he saw the boy running out of the house fifteen seconds after that. With the Jury Rooms furniture, juror No. 8 reenacted the scene that would had to have taken place if the old man were to be able to see all he said he did. Juror No. 8 proved that the old man wouldnt have been able to move as quickly as he said he did; thus, he wasnt telling the whole truth. The same went for the woman across the street. Her testimony proved to be the extended truth as well. She said that that she was unable to fall asleep that night and she had looked out the window from her bed and saw that whole murder take plac e. This testimony seemed unshakable until juror No. 6 said, You know the woman who testified that she saw the killing wears glasses. Then asked, This woman wouldnt wear her eyeglasses to bed, would she? This statement radiates light on the fact that he testified that in the midst of her tossing and turning she rolled over and looked casually out the window. The murder was taking place as she looked out, and the lights went out a split second later. She couldnt have had time to put on her glassesI say that she only saw a blur, No. 8 said. These facts changed the most of the jurors verdicts to not guilty. Near the end of these alterations, it is only the stubborn and bitter juror No. 3 who stands alone. He, too in enmity changes his mind to make the verdict a unanimous Not Guilty. This play shows it audience that although some of us have different and sometimes adverse views, respect for other various opinions must be prominent. We can try to change the views of others by informing them and by not domineering over them with our  opinions. The underlying theme of this play was at one time said by juror No. 9: It takes a great deal of courage to stand alone.

Friday, November 29, 2019

5 ways to help your teens career path

5 ways to help your teens career path These days, it’s more challenging than ever for teens to choose the right career path. On top of having a lack of real-world life experience and the self-awareness to help guide them towards making choices that are right for them, the world of work is changing so rapidly these days- the result of accelerating technological innovation, a fluctuating economy, and shifting staffing demands of companies across industries. What’s the end result? Many young adults who are struggling to find their purpose after high school. The challenges teens face when searching for their ideal careers starts in college, before they even enter the world of work. According to a recent Borderzine article, â€Å"About 80 percent of students in the United States end up changing their major at least once, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. On average, college students change their major at least three times over the course of their college career.† This general leve l of indecisiveness can have serious implications on young adults and their ability to make clear and rational life decisions, on top of adding stress and pressure to an already challenging time in life.If you’re a parent or guardian of a teen who’s trying to figure out what career path to pursue, consider taking advantage of the following 5 strategies for helping them out.1. Help them make choices based on who they are.This one’s important- although you may have big dreams and plans for your teen, your child is not merely an extension of you, and projecting your hopes and wishes for their future on them is not a guaranteed path to career fulfillment. If you want your teen to pursue a career path that has a good chance of making them happy, help them make choices based on who they are and what makes them a unique individual.2. Empower them to explore their strengths and passions.Choosing the right career doesn’t have to be a shot in the dark- in fact, it shouldn’t be! If your teen is having trouble making a decision, a great first step is to help them make a list of their strengths, interests, and passions. Once they have a list, it’s much easier to come up with a manageable set of possible career options that might be right for them.3. Help them find a suitable mentor.If your teen has an interest in a particular field, a great way to learn more- and discover if it truly is the right path for them- is to help them connect with a prospective mentor in the field who can help them learn the day-to-day realities of life on the job, as well as short-term and long-term career options and outlooks. Intern and volunteer opportunities are excellent ways to get valuable exposure and experience. Don’t forget, industry veterans- no matter how successful- were all once teens with little or no experience, and many will be more than happy to â€Å"pay it forward† and help the next generation of employees get their start .4. Support their choices.Sure, this seems obvious, but what happens if your teen chooses a career path that you don’t agree with? This happens all the time, and the parents who support and encourage their teens to follow their dreams- whether it’s a choice you wholeheartedly support or think is a bad idea- are much more likely to have teens who are happy and successful, no matter what path they decide to pursue. Be patient, be supportive, and be encouraging to your teen as they grapple with this tough life decision, and you’re much more likely to see a positive result.5. Set a good example.The truth is, parents who are happy and fulfilled with their professional choices in life and who stick to and display positive work habits and behaviors are much more likely to have children who make smart choices regarding their career paths- and they’re also much more likely to exhibit similar positive work habits, which will help them achieve success in their chose n fields.The truth is, teens who have a healthy and productive level of guidance and support from their parents or guardians have a much better chance at making better career choices than their go-it-alone counterparts. Use the strategies presented here to help your teen successfully navigate the career path maze.

Monday, November 25, 2019

6 Things You Must Know About Changing Careers

6 Things You Must Know About Changing Careers If you’re switching to a whole new career (or are just thinking about it), there are some things that will be true no matter what your field is. Keeping these in mind can help you get that crucial foot in the door in your new career. Here are 6 things you must know about changing careers. 1. You’ll need to shift your mindset.â€Å"Change† is the mantra here. You’ll be the same you, but everything else- your day-to-day, how you apply your skills, the challenges you face on the job- will be different. Part of what makes a career change so appealing is that â€Å"everything is new!† aspect. Embracing that freedom, where anything could happen, is a big part of being ready to make the switch.2. Your resume needs an overhaul.You might think a few â€Å"find and replace† tweaks will cover your resume as you start sending it out to a new field of job openings. After all, your history is your history, and they’ve never seen it before, right? It ’s all new to them! †¦Not quite.The best thing to do is to build your resume from scratch so that it fits for your anticipated industry. The way you interpret your past jobs and your current skills may be different for this new field, so take the time to think about a) what the industry needs are; and b) how to give your skills and experience a makeover for that brave new world.3. Even if you don’t have experience, you have skills.It may seem like you’re totally starting over. But guess what? Even if your experience doesn’t really translate to your next professional life, you’ve also built up a stash of abilities that could serve you well no matter what. Focus on the kinds of skills that transfer well across job lines, like communication skills, problem solving skills, and leadership skills.4. You should think big: industry, not job description.I usually recommend that you tailor your resume for a specific job description. But as you get start ed on a new career path, where you may not be as familiar with the ins and outs of that industry, it’s better to approach it on a macro level. This is especially true if you don’t have some of the necessary experience. Focus on what the company does, what it provides, their audience/consumers, and what you can offer in those areas.5. It’s okay that there’s a lot you don’t know (yet).If you have a strong background of skills and experience behind you, it can be tempting to let that translate into swagger, even if you’re walking into an all-new professional world. The whole point of switching careers is the challenge of learning new things, and taking a different direction. So bring that eagerness to grow, not the â€Å"I know everything† confidence, into the process with you.6. There will be disappointments.Changing careers can be a really hard process. You’re leaving behind a very familiar world for a field you likely donâ€⠄¢t know as well. You might be leaving behind a reputation, and sets of skills that you worked hard to build. When you take a risk like that, it can be doubly frustrating when things don’t happen right away, or you don’t get the level of job or salary that you were hoping for. So as you go into it, take a deep breath and understand that there will be challenges.Changing career lanes is a brave thing to do. It involves making the best decision for yourself in the long term, even knowing that the short term may be a bumpy transition. The more prepared you are for these challenges, the readier you’ll be to face them and move on to your next great opportunity.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Banking System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Banking System - Essay Example When it comes to wire transfers, the most annoying thing in it is with regard to the lengthy and painstaking procedures involved in authentication and also the cost factor is a major concern. The cost of initiating a wire transfer of money say, between America and England would cost a minimum of $15, which is quite costly. Another major factor of concern is the accessibility. Even today, the common man has to go to any branch of a bank even if there are cases where there is only a single branch in most of the cities. Such a limitation makes it difficult for effective and smooth business, when other modern technologies are at hand. The modern era has seen an increase in wireless communication along with the advent of the age of the Internet and the WWW (world wide web). As such, banks today feel the need to take advantage of these developments and modify their current operations in order to incorporate such new technologies and practices. 1) System Startup: The system is started up when the operator turns the operator switch to the "on" position. The operator will be asked to enter the amount of money currently in the cash dispenser, and a connection to the bank will be established. Then the servicing of customers can begin. 2) System Shutdown: The system is shut down when the operator makes sure that no customer is using the machine, and then turns the operator switch to the "off" position. The connection to the bank will be shut down. Then the operator is free to remove deposited envelopes, replenish cash and paper, etc.3) Session: A session is started when a customer inserts an ATM card into the card reader slot of the machine. The ATM pulls the card into the machine and reads it. (If the reader cannot read the card due to improper insertion or a damaged stripe, the card is ejected, an error screen is displayed, and the session is aborted.) The customer is asked to enter his/her PIN, and is then allowed to perform one or more transactions, choosing from a menu of possible types of transaction in each case. After each transaction, the customer is asked whether he/she would like to perform another. When the customer is through performing transactions, the card is ejected from the machine and the sessio n ends. If a transaction is aborted due to too many invalid PIN entries, the session is also aborted, with the card being retained in the machine.The customer may abort the session by pressing the Cancel key when entering a PIN or choosing a transaction type. 4) Transaction: A transaction use case is started within a session when the customer chooses a transaction type from a menu of options. The customer will be asked to furnish appropriate details (e.g. account(s) involved, amount). The transaction will then be sent to the bank, along with information from the customer's card and the PIN the customer

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Social Engineering and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Engineering and the Law - Essay Example But for every good example there are likely to be bad ones. In Canada, the government used to take away Native children from their families and educate them in residential schools. The idea was to try to acculturate the children by teaching them better English and making it easier for them to be absorbed into the White population. Instead of working, this example of social engineering created a lot of unhappiness and misery. The government has since apologized for its policy which is widely seen as a failure. Part of the problem is that a law is a very broad thing and it is hard to account for individual differences when you plan to change people’s behavior. It is a bit like trying to perform surgery with a sledge hammer. Nevertheless politicians continue to push for social engineering because the idea is often popular at first blush. Currently one of Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid’s big ideas is to introduce a Fairness Doctrine as law.1 This would make it legally necessary for radio stations to have an equal amount of political time for each side of the political spectrum—instead of just putting on shows that people or the market want. If this law comes into effect it may make people more left-wing (as a lot of talk radio is now conservative). This might be a smart political move: socially engineering more Democratic voters would result in larger majorities in the House and Senate! Usually politics is at the heart of plans to change people’s behavior en masse. Although I do not generally like the idea of social engineering, as you may observe from my above statements, if I were told I could socially engineer anything I would think long and hard. One of the ways many politicians try to alter behavior is by changing the tax rates. If I could do anything I would implement a law creating a flat tax. The current tax system is called a â€Å"progressive† system. The more money that you make the more tax you must pay. On the face of it

Monday, November 18, 2019

Individual project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual project 3 - Essay Example ether a range of subjects that are pertinent to current global healthcare and fitness challenges especially when considered together with the need to reverse the rising incidences of lifestyle diseases. Individuals and societies around the globe should acknowledge the impact of diet on health and nutrition. It is common knowledge that a consistent pursuit of the right forms of diet can help bring down the incident of some of the lifestyle diseases among individuals, families, groups, and societies. Indeed, the rise in heart diseases, diabetes, some forms of cancer, obesity, and other life conditions correlated with the increase in poor diet practices across the globe (Shils, 2005). As such, it becomes necessary to consider the impact of nutrition within the understanding of the current trends and dietary practices and the consequences on human health. Most nutritionists will easily agree that the best way to maintain a healthy diet and cut down on the levels of cholesterol in the body is to reduce the daily intake of foods rich in cholesterol. The danger is that most people tend to ignore the value of restricting their diet to foods that are significantly lower in the levels of cholesterol. Many others lack access to the kind of knowledge that would help them avoid adverse health practices that are associated with high levels of cholesterol. However, basic categorizing of food into those that have high and cholesterol levels is one of the ways by which people can avoid the adverse impacts of cholesterol. Food substances such as meat pie, butter, cream, hard cheese, and biscuits contain high levels of saturated fat. Such foods have multiple adverse effects on health and fitness. Other foods such as salmon, mackerel, almond, sunflower, and corn have unsaturated cholesterol. A consistent pattern of feeding on this group of food can reduce the levels of cholesterol within days or weeks. Despite lack of thorough research on the impact of culture on general fitness,

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 :: Conservation Biology Wildlife Essays

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is one of the most powerful tools that environmentally concerned citizens have to preserve biodiversity. Specific categories that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) includes are the listing of "Threatened species", "Endangered species", and the designation of "critical habitat". When these categories are identified, it is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) which assumes the responsibility of enforcement. Development of recovery plans, Biological or Environmental Assessments, and the development of Habitat Conservation Plans are just some of the tasks for USFWS (Smallwood, et al,). This act which was originally enacted in 1973, and its’ reauthorization, is now going through quite a bit of debate. The ESA has actually been awaiting reauthorization from Congress since 1995 (Reid, 1995). There are two main "ideas" for bills to effect the ESA. There are bills that will strengthen the Act by emphasizing endangered species recovery over extinc tion risk. The other bills will weaken the Act by bringing more attention to the needs of businesses and landowners (Brown, et al). The main controversy seems to arise from economic and social concerns. There is also a great deal of scientific concern about the accurate implementation of this "species-saving" act. I was recently alerted to the economic ramifications of this Act through a local issue I have been "looking into". My frustrations mounted when I learned the USFWS gave an "OK" to developers, to bulldoze through a pristine habitat in my community. Seeing that six threatened and endangered species make their home here, I couldn’t understand why the USFWS had backed down. The answer, which seems all too common was, the USFWS simply doesn’t have enough money to effectively protect these species at this time. Consequently the majority of my paper will focus on some of the economic issues the ESA is faced with. Question number one is "How effective has the ESA been?" This question is difficult for both scientists and government officials to answer. Most agree that the amount of time since the ESA was enacted is really too short of a time period to impartially answer this question. I will attempt to point out some of the facts. "Since the inception of the Act in 1973, 11 species of more than 1,000 listed have recovered and have been removed from the list, including the eastern states brown pelican, Utah’s Rydberg milk-vetch, and the California gray whale" (Brown, et al, 1998).

Monday, November 11, 2019

The Hunters; Scarce Resources in the Kalahari

The Kung bushmen of the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa are one of the few bands of hunter-gatherers left in the world. They survive by foraging for their meals while traveling, never settling in one specific area. Hunting and gathering was the primary mode of survival until about ten thousand years ago. Anthropologists have made assumptions about the hunting and gathering lifestyle of current populations because it seems like a precarious method of living. Moreover, the Kalahari area where the ! Kung live in was perceived to be baron because it is a desert.However, a study done over a period of years beginning in 1960 led by Richard Lee disproved the common misconception of the life of these foragers, proving that they were not the uncultivated society that they were perceived to be. The ! Kung people live in the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa where there is minimal rainfall, and they are physically isolated from any agricultural societies in the area. They do their fieldwork in an area with eight permanent waterholes that were about 125 miles away from a river. They do not cultivate agriculture, nor do they have livestock nor are under any heavy government authority.The ! Kung people rely solely on hunting and gathering for their survival because in the area that they live in, there is no other logical means of survival. Because of all of these observed setbacks, anthropologists of the 1960’s saw these bush people as a group living solely to find food for survival. This was not the case however. When anthropologists of the 1960’s went to study these people, they found that their perceptions were wrong. Although the people lived far away from other societies, and although they did not cultivate the land, they lived meaningful lives.Despite not having close neighbors from other societies, there was a relatively large population of other camps of hunter-gatherers that were associated with the waterholes. In addition, although the desert is a rid, there are many sources of vegetables that the people live consume. Despite what anthropologists believed, the author proved that the people did not have to live for the sole purpose of finding food. There was a six-mile radius near each of the waterholes that had copious vegetation and an assorted source of meat. This suggests that in order to obtain food, the people only needed to go a certain walking distance.It was not necessary to travel for long periods to get a small portion of food, as anthropologists thought. However, there was never a surplus of food, which could allude to the fact that there was not enough food for a surplus. This was a misconception because the bush people had more than enough food to live off, so there was no need to obtain a surplus because there was no need to store food when it was readily available. Another misconception anthropologists had was that the bush people had to hunt often for sustenance but this was invalidated.The Bushmen go out to c ollect food around every third day throughout the year. Anthropologists thought when they went out to get food, the ! Kung people went hunting. This was not the case. It was proven that around 60 to 80 percent of their diets were comprised of vegetation from the area surrounding the camp. This can be partially attributed to the fact that the men are not always successful when they go to hunt, and it also involves the fact that there is a large variety of vegetation available to the people.Previously, anthropologists thought that in a hunter-gatherer society, there was primarily hunting done to sustain the population because not much waste was found in the camps, however, the primary types of animals hunted are small and vegetation does not leave much waste. There is never a shortage of food for the ! Kung, they have their pick of what types of vegetation they wish to consume, partially based on the season, and they occasionally eat meat. The people do not have to scour for food and settle for whatever they can find, as anthropologists thought.There is actually an assorted variety of foods the ! Kung people choose from. And not every type of edible food is consumed. The people are selective in the types of food they want to eat, and sometimes settle for certain unpopular foods due to reasons such as drought. There is always food for the people to consume, but during certain times of year, the bush people have to travel farther to get to it. There is a shorter commute in the summer while in the spring, there is much more distance that needs to be covered to get food.The mongogo nut is a staple in the diet of these people because of its good nutritional value. This nut is attributed to around 50 percent of their diet of vegetation based on weight. This is a staple to the bush people, compared to rice or corn of other societies. The nut is hardy and drought resistant so it is always abundant throughout the year, and only of a fraction of it is actually cultivated. This is because of how selective the ! Kung people are with the types of food they consume. The more favorable fruits are usually consumed first, and then staples such as the mongongo nut are eaten.Anthropologists and others also believe these people eat animals such as rodent and insects because they are included in literature about the people, but the bushman actually despise these animals as food and do not consume them. Moreover, gathering never results in all of the available vegetations’ depletion. There is always food available, so the bush people do not go long without food. It was once thought that the people were malnourished because of their location, but that was not true. The bushmen eat relatively balanced diets that include enough of each food group to be healthy individuals.It was believed that the hunting and gathering way of life was harsh and rigorous, so the people who followed this lifestyle were quickly worn out and died at an early age. Some anthropolo gists even assumed that the average age a bush person would reach before they died was around 45. This was definitely not the case after research was conducted. It was also perceived that the bush people abandoned their old and sick members because they cannot provide for themselves or for the camp therefore were deemed useless. The ! Kung bush people do not adhere to any of these prior assumptions.In the population of bush people, there were a percentage of people over the age of sixty that was comparable to the percentage of those over sixty in industrialized societies. Elders were respected and were considered leaders of the camp, they were not abandoned and considered futile as once thought. Senile individuals were rare but they, along with crippled and disabled individuals were cared for and valued for skills they had. The elderly were taken care of by their children when they could no longer provide by hunting or gathering.Anthropologists also had the notion that people began hunting and gathering at a young age, so that enough food could be provided. It was discovered however, that there is a late age of assumption of adult responsibility, and that young people were not expected to provide until marriage. There was a large portion of the population that does not provide food by hunting and gathering, and there was a small population that provide for themselves and those that do not work. It was discovered that children and the elderly lead considerably simple lives.Although there is a small population of people that actually search for and gather the food, their time is not completely preoccupied with finding food. It is true that finding food is the most important activity, but that is also important to most other societies, especially agricultural societies. The people devote around twelve to nineteen hours of a traditional seven day week in search for food. The other time is used for leisure and recreation. As stated earlier, the Bushmen do not have a surplus of food, so there is no need to have rigorous seasons of work in search for food because it is usually always readily available.They obtain food to appease their necessary caloric intake and after that, their time is used for other purposes besides the search for food. Woman spend their time doing activities such as embroidery, resting, taking care of her children, visiting other camps, or entertaining visitors. A woman would also be required to take care of the home and kitchen routines. These activities include cooking, or collecting water. Men usually are involved in visiting, entertaining guests or dancing. Hunting is irregular and it is influenced by the hunter’s luck.For example, if a hunter is having bad luck for a certain period of time, they could stop hunting and participate in leisurely activities. It was assumed that everyone has to go out to get food, but that is not the case because some men can go longer than a month without hunting if their luck does not get better. Although they have large periods of time devoted to leisure, there is usually always a steady supply of vegetation and meat. Based on prior assumptions of a hunting and gathering lifestyle, anthropologists of the 1960’s thought hunter-gatherers lived â€Å"brutish† lives where all they did was search for food.With Richard Lee’s research of the ! Kung through the 1960’s he disproved these assumptions. Foragers were not barbaric individuals that lived solely off of meat and they lived for more than just finding food. Lee suggest that the â€Å"view of both modern and ancient hunters ought to be reconsidered. † And that hunting and gathering was â€Å"a persistent and well-adapted way of life. † The ! Kung of the Kalahari were an example of a set of foragers who lived lives with more meaning than just to survive through hunting.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Andes essays

The Andes essays The Andes are undoubtedly one of the greatest mountain systems in the world. The Andes contain some of the worlds highest peaks and more than 50 of them rise 6 000m above sea level. One of them being the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere, Aconcagua which rises approximately 6 960m above sea level. The Andes are located on the western edge of the South American continent and extend in a narrow belt for more than 8 000km. They are situated at the longitude of 70Â ° W-80Â ° E and the latitude of 10Â ° N and 57Â ° S. The Andes run from the Caribbean Sea to the southern island, Tierra del Fuego. The mountains intersect into seven countries, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Processes Forming the Mountain Environment The earths interior is composed of several layers, the outer layer being the crust. The crust is divided into eight vast plates as well as smaller ones. Each year theses vast plates slowly travel across the earth. The movement is caused by currents deep within the mantle, known as convection currents. This process is know as Plate Tectonics and lead to the formation of the Andes. As a result of the convection current, the plates move in several directions. All of the worlds greatest landforms were formed as a result of the collision of plates. For example, mountains are formed as two continental plates press against each other and thicken the crust. This results in layers of rock compressing upwards. There are three main types of mountains. Fault mountains, Fold Mountains and dome mountains. The Andes were formed by the process of Fold Mountains. Fold mountains are formed at plate boundaries where one plate is subducted. As a result, one plate buckles, where another plate is forced down into the magma. The Andes were formed during the Cenozoic Era about 138-65 million years ago. The Nazca Plate collided with the South American Plate and was subducted under the wes...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

iliad books 1 and 2 essays

iliad books 1 and 2 essays The first book begins with the description of the Danaans situation. It is the tenth year of the war, and an important incident occurs: Achilles decides to give up fighting against the Trojans, because of the way he was treated by Agamemnon. The reader is informed for what led to this position, through narrations and flash backs: after a battle at Thebe, the sacred city of Eetion, the Achaians took prophets Chryses daughter to offer as a gift to Agamemnon. Chryses begged the Achaians to give him his daughter back but they wouldnt. So he begged the god Apollo for his help, and the god, being extremely fond to the prophet, listened to his prayers and cursed the Achaians who suddenly were infected by plague. Gods informed them that this happened because of the terrible way Agamemnon answered Chryses requests. If the Achaians decided to give Chrysies back to her father, then the plague and all their other problems would disappear instantly. Agamemnon, quite bothered by this news decide d to do so for the sake of his men, in condition that he would be offered another girl replacing Chrysies, and he asked specifically for the one accompanying Achilles. Achilles is informed by the Gods that if he does so, all the problems of the Danaans will disappear. Although he obeys, he decides not to fight anymore. Briseis, the girl accompanying Achilles at first, holds an important role. She is both the solution to the problems between the Achaians and the God Apollo, and the motive for the terrible fight between two of the main characters and heroes of the Achaian army, Agamemnon and Achilles. After her donation to Agamemnon, Achilles makes up his mind: he was abused and shall not fight anymore. If the terms good guy bad guy can be used, then we may say that Agamemnon is the bad guy. He is acting as if he is god, he wants his will to be always heard and obeye ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

YOU Be the Judge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

YOU Be the Judge - Assignment Example He knew well that he was headed for the large pond in the Newark Country Club (Barks n.d). The children slid through a hole in the trail-fence country club, where there was a sign posted â€Å"no trespasser†. The arising argument is why the country club failed to stop these children from playing over there, and why the country club did not say there was a deep pond(Barks n.d). Many claim that the country club has a duty to safeguard its pond, while children are are known to play close by. According to a country club employee, David Cox, he has told the children repeatedly to leave from that place because trail fence and signs cannot keep them away. However, this pond has certain best features that make it an attraction for kids (Smith, and Lee, n.d). During their free time, kids play on the ice, especially skating, meaning that these children have enough experience to realize the dangers associated with the pond. Jeremiah’s mother had cautioned her kids severally to stay away. After the death of the child, the club said that Jeremiah death is accidental, but also denied responsibilities. His mother reported the incident to the court, claiming that it was careless for â€Å"failing to childproof the pond† during its expansion (Sith, and Lee, n.d). Jeremiah’s mother’s lawyer said to the court that the club was so attractive that children could not identify danger. She claimed that the death of her son was a result of the attractive setting of the golf course pond, and her son could never understand what was in there. The incident at Newark Country Club left many people arguing about why the country club owner did not put up signs that told the children where they were supposed to be playing. The country club employee, David Cox stated that he has been warning the children against playing near the pond, that there are a split-trail fence and the signs (Smith, and Lee, n.d). However, the two

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Have sanctions achieved their political and economic goals in Zimbabwe Dissertation

Have sanctions achieved their political and economic goals in Zimbabwe - Dissertation Example It cannot be denied that the given policies have to some extent helped in stabilizing the strongly sanctioned economy by preventing a total collapse of the economic systems of a country that was once considered very successful. It is known that sanctions do not generally serve a positive role because they mostly lead to outcomes that are negative. Governments are known to develop contingency plans that aim at countering the adverse impact of sanctions. It is also evident that the sanctions imposed by the West are more reflective of thei...r own interests instead of what they purport to affect. Because of the different varieties of sanctions that have been imposed on Zimbabwe in its different sectors, this paper has mainly examined the economic and political impacts of the sanctions on the country and its people. This paper has found that after the imposition of sanctions in Zimbabwe, a number of sectors have deteriorated and put the lives of citizens to immense risk in view of the co llapse of health, education and water supply systems. Thus, the sanctions have worked in aggravating the conditions of people because the country’s relations with western countries have been soured and it has been virtually isolated in having only negligible influence amongst powerful nations. 1. Introduction It has been observed that states that have been known to violate human rights were invariably imposed with sanctions in different ways. Simply understood, sanctions are forms of punishments imposed on such states in order to make them comply with the given provisions of law. It is known historically that economic sanctions have been often used as an alternative to armed conflicts in making states to comply with given requirements. Zimbabwe has been under the grip of economic sanctions for over a decade, which has been imposed by the USA, the European Union, New Zealand, Switzerland and Australia on account of alleged human rights violations by the government. The US and the EU believe that the sanctions are measures to restrict the activities of President Mugabe and some officials of his government that are supportive of his policies. In contrast, the ZANU PF, Mugabe’ political party, has viewed the sanctions as being targeted against the entire nation. This paper will analyze the issue of whether the sanctions have achieved their political goals in Zimbabwe. The paper will make a critical appraisal of the effectiveness of the sanctions regime imposed on Zimbabwe The major crisis situations that led to the imposition of sanctions will be outlined after which the positive and negative impact of the sanctions will be examined by determining the effectiveness of the sanctions regime. In order to understand the issue thoroughly, it is important to briefly examine the historical patterns of sanctions. Essentially, sanctions are a means available to the UN Security Council under provisions of chapter 7

Thursday, October 31, 2019

The Business Cycle & Policy Response in France Coursework

The Business Cycle & Policy Response in France - Coursework Example In 2000, France growth was close to 3%, its unemployment fell twice, and when compared to Europe it was a 1.5-percentage decline for France versus 0.7-percentage in Europe. The introduction of the single currency marked the period of strong growth. From this, we conclude that, in the last twenty years, it is evident that the periods of falling unemployment always coincided with periods of strong economic growths (French Ministry of youth affairs, 2007:4). A fall in a country's GDP relates to contraction in the economy, when the country does not show any improvement in the GDP it may result in an economy recession. Reasons may be due to inflation, or massive unemployment in the country, a rise in the GDP conforms to an expansion, stability of a country s currency, a peak relates to a continuous rise in the country’s GDP (Trading Economics.com, 2005:4). All forces of supply and demand affect business cycle. The availability of capital does boost a healthy expansion a rise in the price of assets at this point leads to inflation, the stock market then rectifies this by creating fear and contraction(About.com, 2001:1). A rise in GDP signals an expansion in the business cycle whereas a fall in the GDP signals a contraction. Reports show that the GDP of France expanded 1.6%in the second quarter of 2011. Historically France annual GDP growth was1.9% its highest observed in 1988 at 4.9%, a record low was -3.90% in march 2009. Judging the country's  state  at this point of the cycle, it will be  right  to  say  France’s economy is in  contraction.  We look at France in 2009, where its GDP shrank by 1.2% in the first quarter, however, this  was counteracted  by a 3% in the third quarter, another  fall  was recorded  1.5% in the final quarter.  The  recession  observed when we experienced two quarters of negative growth. In 2008 president, Nicholas Sarkozy gave a speech in Toulon he thought that there was the need to rethink the  entire  world’s financial system in  connection  to the economic crisis that the world faced. The president stated that what France was facing at that time was an economic recession and that it was a long-term problem. According to the latest  data  the French economy contracted, a 0.3% in the 2nd quarter in the year 2008, from the  previous  data economists concluded that the two quarters recorded negative growths. These data raised fears of a further recession in the economy.  This recession resulted in the rise in unemployment and a  struggle  in households to try to beat the recession (France 24, 2008:1). We  further  look at the  fiscal  policy and how it functions in stabilizing the  economic  fluctuation. How this is a  solution  to the recession problem?  According to Weil,  fiscal  policy involves utilising of government

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The impact of entrepreneurs on the economy Essay Example for Free

The impact of entrepreneurs on the economy Essay There are a lot of explanations and descriptions of entrepreneurship. Intellectuals and business experts, define entrepreneurship as only the uniting of thoughts, hard work, and modifications to the changing commerce market. It furthermore involves meeting market demands; mainly it portrays the key instructions of any trade innovation. Innovation is the key factor that administers the very formation of a small trade or entrepreneurship; it can be processes or it can be products. One instance of a process could be the formation of ideas in black and white, products can refer to everything that is produced that can be kept up for sale, whether it is a latest form of glue or even a service that offers; such as, housecleaning. On the other hand, innovations can as well be anything that brings in the discoveries of new products that transform the market or form a new market, a number of of these innovations might even restore existing innovations to become the favored process or product. When an individual wishes to become an entrepreneur they prefer to be an organizer, though, not everybody is suitable to be an entrepreneur and not everybody has the essential skills to carry out successfully. What Is An Entrepreneur? A person who is capable of generating an innovative idea and fulfilling the demands of the public with an ability to organize people and resources is called an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are never discouraged even if their idea is rejected by anyone but they work hard to make their ideas successful. Entrepreneurs have to face various hardships and challenges as well. Entrepreneurship Aids the Economy It is agreed by most of the economists that entrepreneurship adds vitality to the economy, either a developed or developing one. The reason why the economists support the existence of the entrepreneurs is that they not just create new businesses and make innovations using their creativity but they also create employment opportunities for people by employing them for their business. Mostly, it also increases competition due to which entrepreneurs opt for new things and also go for operational as well as technological advancements that further helps them to increase their productivity. Each year around 75% new jobs are added in the economy of United States every year due to the eruption of new small businesses and this actually symbolizes 99% of all US employers. Small business are mostly self-employed by people. Entrepreneurs not just provide jobs to the people but they are also a source of security and generate social welfare as well. Schramm, president and CEO of Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, said in February 2007, The foundation is devoted to fostering entrepreneurship†. Schramm is one of the globes’ foremost specialists in this field. Others have the same opinion that the benefits of small trades go further than income, Hector V. Baretto, manager of the U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA), makes clear, Small businesses widen the base of contribution in society, generate jobs, disperse economic power and provide persons a stake in the future. Entrepreneurs innovate and innovation is a vital element in economic growth. As Peter Drucker said, The entrepreneur mostly looks for change, reacts to it and utilizes it as an opportunity. Entrepreneurs are accountable for the profitable introduction of several new products and services and also for opening fresh markets. A look at current history demonstrates that entrepreneurs were compulsory to many of the most important innovations, ones that transformed how persons live and work. From the vehicle to the airplane to computers persons with ideas and strength of mind developed these marketable advances. Small companies as well are more probable than large firms to manufacture specialty products and services and tailor made items. As Schramm has recommended, entrepreneurs offer customers with services and products for needs they did not even realize they had. Innovations enhance the quality by multiply customers’ choices, they augment peoples lives in abundant ways making life simple, progressive communications, offering new varieties of entertainment and better health care. Small companies in the US, e. g. innovate far in excess of huge ones do, according to the Small Business Administration; small technology firms create almost thirteen times additional patents per worker than big firms. They signify one-third of all firms in control of fifteen or more patents. According to the 2006 Summary Results of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, In spite of of the point of development and company size, entrepreneurial performance remains a vital engine of innovation and expansion for the financial system, for individual firms as, by classification, it entails attention and readiness to take benefit of vacant opportunities. The GEM plan is a multi-country study of entrepreneurship and fiscal growth. Founded and supported by Babson College (USA) and the London Business School in 1999, the study incorporated forty two nations by 2006. Global and regional institutes, such as the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have the same opinion that entrepreneurs can play a critical role in mobilizing income and encouraging fiscal growth and socio-economic progress. This is mainly true in the emerging world, where flourishing small businesses are most important engines of job formation and poverty diminution. Role of entrepreneurship in conceptual economy Although the basic rules of entrepreneurship being used today are the same as they were used previously but the medium has radically changed, however the change has been for better and is probably the best time compared to the history for an individual to become an entrepreneur. The entrepreneurs today are defining logic for the purpose of making things to happen on an individual basis. Previously, when the entrepreneurs used to set up business, they needed huge sums of investment before they could proceed or to arrange management teams for work and to make the company operate after which they took many years to make profits but now things have drastically changed. In order to make my statements more clear, I would be giving some examples. A website titled â€Å"PlentyOfFish. om† is basically a free dating website and was founded by Markus Frind. The founder spends just two hours on the website each day and he manages his website but his earnings are $5-6 million per year from Google ads as around twelve million people view his page every year and the most interesting thing is that he is the only person operating his company. I would now quote another such example of Dave Lu, an entrepreneur who also earns in millions doing the same kind of work as Markus Frind. Dave is the founder of â€Å"Fanpop† where the fans of anything on Earth can share and interact with other people. One more thing that is synonymous between the two entrepreneurs is that they are operating their business using the least expensive tools that are instantly available to them. Connecting these entrepreneurs to the economy, I would say that conceptual economy enable the entrepreneurs to use both sides of their brain i. e. oth left as well as the right side as they are not just focusing on technical skills but on their creativity and conceptualization as well and most of the entrepreneurs are working independently. It is therefore essential for the entrepreneurs to lead in conceptual economy and go for new ventures. It was Microsoft that started Facebook that is now very successful social networking arena. Initially Facebook was popular just amongst the teenagers and the students of high school but now it is being used by people of every group. Not just it provides the opportunity of social networking but it is also beneficial for businessmen especially young entrepreneurs that can highly help boost the economy of any country. Therefore, this economic model of conceptual economy has a great impact on every aspect of the society and in the later years, the entrepreneurs would be the ones who would be the true beneficiaries but the ones who take initiatives.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Whistle Blowing

Whistle Blowing We live in a complicated society. Every decision that we make is based upon our health, safety, economic and human rights. At times the decisions made are by the corrupt, incompetent and lazy, which leads to the compromise of the ethical standards of our society. Accidents happen or corruption flourishes because of employees who know about the wrong doings but are afraid of losing their jobs. In the modern society, the importance of whistle blowing is increasingly being recognized as a measure to reduce corruption and avoid dangerous situations by encouraging the disclosure of unethical, illegal or prohibited activities performed by private institutions or the government. It also helps to improve the inter-organizational culture and helps improve internal management and efficiency. Definition Whistle blowing is a process by which a person claims an occurrence of wrongdoing in or by an organization. Usually the person belongs to the organization and is at a personal risk himself. The allegations made may be internal (to people within the organization e.g. colleagues, subordinates etc.) or external (to people outside the organization e.g. law enforcement agencies, media, regulators etc.). U.S academics Marcia P.Miceli and Janet P.Near set the academic standard for whistleblowing in 1982 as Disclosure of organizations members (former or current) disclosure of illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices under the control of their employees to persons or organizations that may be able to effect action. They have defined whistle blowing as a four step process: A triggering event occurs involving questionable, unethical or illegal activities, and this leads to an employee to consider blowing the whistle. The employee engages in decision making, assessing the activity and whether it involves wrong doing, gathering additional information, and discussing situation with others. The employee exercises voice by blowing the whistle; alternatively the employee could leave the organization, or remain silent out of loyalty or neglect. The organizational members react to, and possibly retaliate against the whistleblower. Common Reactions Around the globe, whistle blowers have been hailed as heroes or selfless martyrs for revealing fraud and corruption in organizations and preventing potential disasters. They may relate to the cover up harmful diseases like SARS in China to the revealing of theft of millions of dollars of public money in Kenya. However, in many cases whistleblowers face severe ramifications for their actions. They end up losing their jobs and being ostracized for their activities. Some may be charged with violation of employee contracts and the dangers might be physical at extreme. It is therefore probable that a lot of people refrain from blowing the whistle due to the fear of retaliation or damaging relationships at work or private life. Utility of Whistle blowing Information revealed by whistleblowers is usually highly critical for the society. In China, Dr Jiang Yanyong possibly saved a million lives by revealing the extent to which the SARS virus had spread even though he was ordered by the authorities not to. In the corporate world, Sherron Watkins of Enron blew the whistle over the financial problems of the company internally which eventually led to the exposure of the scam and the arrest of the top officials. Whistle blowing is also important for improving the internal efficiency of the organization since the employees are the first to know about the problems and early disclosure can lead to remedy of the problem sooner. A 2002 study by KPMG found that around 25 percent of problems reported in an company in Australia was by whistleblowers while the same statistic was 44 percent in Africa. The essence of whistleblowing lies in the fact that staff are able to by-pass the line of their superiors since at times that might be the area where the problem arises and hence they are able to go outside in case they believe that the whole organization is in an improper course. Effective whistleblowing is therefore a necessity for a healthy organizational culture, good governance. Successful whistle blowing is when concerns inside the organization could be raised with confidence, properly investigated and addressed when necessary. Barriers to whistle blowing 1. Fear of retaliation One of the largest barriers in todays organizations against whistle blowing is retaliation against the disclosure. Retaliation can vary from minor harassment in certain cases to the extremity of costing ones life. In a typical case, the employee who blows the whistle would be put under pressure to rescind his words and refrain from further disclosures. Some of the common practices of retaliation are : Marginalise the employee by taking away the job duties. Blacklist the employee so that he cant gain further employment. Conduct retaliatory investigations in order to divert attention from the matter and abuse the whistleblower. Question whistle blowers professional competence, honesty and mental health. Reassign the employee so that he/she is unable to do the job At times, retaliation becomes extreme as Satyendra Dubey was murdered after he revealed corruption on a road project. 2. Legal liability There are significant legal barriers to whistle blowing in several countries. At times there are no significant laws or acts for whistle blowing(e.g. India). These include the traditional laws to respect the employer, act in his best interests etc. There may also be secret laws in institutions to punish whistle blowers and deter further whistle blowing. a. Duty of loyalty and confidentiality Many countries in Asia have is the duty of loyalty and fidelity to the employer. This usually deters an employee from expressing personal opinion or revealing internal information. The Indian Law Reform Commission has recently recognized that while a public servant might be subject to the duty of confidentiality, it doesnt extend to remain silent regarding the corrupt activities of other public servants. The public interest is better served if maladministration and corruption are exposed. b. Secret Acts In most common wealth countries the state has criminal laws prohibiting the release of military and state laws by officials and outsiders. e.g. Pakistan Officials Secret Acts, 1923 makes illegal the disclosure of any information that has been entrusted to him by confidence by any person holding office or to which he has access due the position he holds. These laws thus generate a significant barrier to anti corruption efforts and genrally prohibit disclosure of information without permisiion. In Malaysia, the opposition leader Mohd Ezan Mohd Noor was prosecuted in 2000 under the OSA for releasing police reports of corruption by high level government officials. In London, a whistle blower who revealed that the London police force had released incorrect statements regarding the shooting of an innocent man was also arrested. These laws are also used in political cases. c. Libel In many countries, defamation and libel laws are used to deter the whistle blowers. Power figures and senior officials use their power to threaten the whistle blowers as they can use the court systems to their advantage. In Singapore, National Kidney Foundation suppressed the whistle blowers from revealing wastage of money on first class tickets, excessive salaries etc by using defamation laws and forced apologies. Finally when a major media company refused to bow down, the story was fully disclosed. d. Other Laws There also exists a possibility of criminal or civil charges under laws such as trade secrets or theft. In some countries companies also require that workers sign confidentiality clauses. In Australia, an American who doubted the safety of the new Airbus 380 is facing criminal and civil charges by his ex employer after going public with the potential design flaws. 3. Cultural Barriers There are at times significant cultural barriers to whistle blowers which see whistle blowers as dobbers, sneaks or narks. Some of this comes from the abuses to informants historically. In Nazi occupied regimes, the Soviet Union, Aparthied- era South Africa, informants and anonymous denunciations were often used for maintain power. The organization culture is also equally important. The disclosure of information to outsiders can feel like a betrayal and hence whistle blowers often feel social sanctions for their disclosures. At times, even though formal laws are absent, being shunned or being side lined in the organization can place certain amount of pressure on individuals. Whistleblowers Laws and Protection Initiatives All the countries do not have a legal protection act for the whistleblowers. Legal protection for whistleblowers mostly differs on the basis of the country, state in which malpractice occurred and also the subject matter of whistleblowing. The first law that protected whistle blowers was the US Lloyd-La Follette Act of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to Congress. According to the Act, the causes that encourage the efficiency in the service are defined as the just causes. It goes on to say that the right of employees to furnish information to either House of Congress, or to a committee or Member thereof, may not be interfered with or denied. The U.S. Whistleblowers Protect Act of 1989 (amended in 1994) was established to protect public interest disclosures which were made by federal employees. For aiding whistleblowers in the investigation and to prevent retaliatory action against them, an Office of Special Counsel (OSC) was created. But it was not very successful because of a series of hostile judicial rulings which undercut the protection that was afforded by the Act. A similar or even stronger legislation has been passed by more than 40 states in respect of State employees. The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the aftermath of the debacle of Enron and WorldCom which provided for granting sweeping legal protection for whistleblowers in publicly traded companies. Any retaliation against a corporate whistleblower can now lead to imprisonment for up to 10 years. The Department of Labour (DoL) must complete its adjudication of cases relating to whistleblowers within 180 days. If not then whistleblower has following options he may opt to remain with DoL or ask for ade novotrial in court. Following are the remedies reinstatement, damages for compensation, pay back with interest, fees for attorney, special damages and costs. The U.K.s Public Interest Disclosure Act of 1998 is a one of its kind piece of legislation in the sense that it provides protection to employees in the public, private and non-profit sectors, which includes those working outside the U.K. It provides a framework of legal protection for individuals who disclose information so as to expose malpractice and matters of similar concern. It protects whistleblowers from persecution and dismissal. Under the law, employment tribunals have power to `freeze a dismissal and make unlimited compensation awards. The U.K. example has been followed by South Africa to provide protection to employees of all organisations through its Protected Disclosures Act of 2000. Other countries like Australia, South Korea, Canada, Argentina, Slovakia, Russia, Mexico and Nigeria have enacted or are in the process to enact whistleblowers protection legislation (but only to government employees). United Nations Convention against Corruption (2005) The most significant international instrument on whistleblowing is the United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Work on the Convention began in December 2000 and the final version was approved by the General Assembly in October 2003. It was adopted in December 2005 after it was ratified by 30 countries. As of now, it has been signed by 140 countries and ratified by 47. Article 32 on the Protection of witness, experts and victims provides for protections of witnesses and experts and their relatives from retaliation including limits on disclosure of their identities. More fundamentally, Article 33 on Protection of reporting persons envisions countries adopting protections for reporting of corruption by any person. The UN Office on Drugs and Crimes Anti-Corruption Toolkit notes that Article 3 is advancement on previous agreements such as the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime which only protects witnesses and experts. The Toolkit extensively covers whistleblowing and recommends legal and administrative measures for reporting and protection including compensation, creation of ombudsman institutions to receive complaints, the creation of hotlines, and limits on libel and confidentiality agreements. To date, only a few of the countries that have ratified the treaty have adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws and another dozen have adopted limited provisions. UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression The Un Special Rapporteur has also recognized that whistleblowing is an important aspect of freedom of expression. In 2000, Abid Hussain criticized the use of state security and other laws against individuals disclosing information in the public interest. In December 2004, UN Rapporteus Ambeyi Ligabo joined with the Special Representatives on freedom of expression and the media from the OAS and OSCE in a statement on free expression calling for national governments to adopt better protections Whistleblowers releasing information on violations of the law, on wrongdoing by public bodies, on a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, or on a breach of human rights or humanitarian law should be protected against legal, administrative or employed-related sanctions if they act in good faith. Protecting Whistleblowers in India There are no legislations in India to protect whistleblowers here. There have increasingly been the cases of corporate or political scams and which have cost taxpayers heavily including the banks and investors to the amount of thousands of crores of rupees. A Whistleblowers Protection Act is more important for India than it was for the U.S. and the U.K. It can be a strong tool for ensuring good governance in the country if worked in congruence with the Freedom of Information Act. At this moment we are in dire need of public interest groups like the ones on the lines of Government Accountability Project and the National Whistleblower Centre in the U.S., and the Public Concern At Work in the U.K. These will help in safeguarding the rights of whistleblowers rights and defend the employees against any retaliation. In the act of protecting whistleblowers, we are maybe unknowingly also protecting ourselves. In the case of legal protection also many employees might feel hesitant to, but the very existence of whistleblowers will discourage government and corporate wrongdoings to a considerable event. Based on the experiences of other countries the following set of general principles could usefully be the guidelines for the effective Indian legislation regarding the subject: With the consent of the State governments, Parliament should try and enact a single Act for all employees who work in any tier of government. This shall also include employees working in any organisation be it the private or voluntary sector. It shall also include employees of contractors, sub-contractors and agents of an organisation; former employees and overseas employees; applicants for employment, auditors and attorneys should also be covered. The Official Secrets Act should be outlawed. This will provide for a public interest defence. Also the `gagging clauses in severance or employment contracts should be nullified for public interest disclosures. It makes no sense to ask if the Acts protection should include members of such organizations as the armed forces, the police and the secret services. But it must be made sure of that the disclosures shall not harm operations or endanger the lives of the concerned personnel. Unless the Contempt of Courts Act is first amended to provide for a public interest defence, the judiciary shall remain outside its purview. The whistleblowers information about a malpractice must be substantially true, and consequently the whistleblower must act in the good faith and true spirit. In the case of the calls that are not legitimate or are anonymous the whistleblower should not be provided protection with. The period given to file a complaint must be such long so as to provide him sufficient time (say, 1 year). There should be a clear definition of what constitutes public interest disclosures. Following can be the disclosures to which protection can be provided illegal or criminal act(s), breach of regulatory law, miscarriage of justice, danger to public health or safety or property and any damage to environment, including attempts which are intended to cover up these malpractices. The Act must be constituted in such a way so as to encourage employees to first raise the matter within the organization and mandate organisations to establish proper mechanisms for this purpose. When it is not reasonable to raise the matter within the organization, or where attempts to solve the matter from within have been unsuccessful, employees who make an external disclosure in a specified way should also be protected. It remain a matter of debate that what should be the specified way. By general wisdom, apart from certain designated offices which may include SEBI, Pollution Control Boards, etc., public interest disclosures to such personalities as MPs and MLAs; employee unions; and reputed public interest groups must be protected. Disclosures made to the media may also be protected in some cases but in such a case the whistleblower must carry the burden of proof. The protection should include any and all forms of retaliation and the possible solutions could be on the same lines as in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including criminal liability for retaliation. To carry out timely adjudication of cases there should be a fast track mechanism similar to that of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Decisions have to be made on the points that whether the existing Administrative and other tribunals should be strengthened to do the job or new agencies should be created. Some Famous Cases of Whistleblowing Sherron Watkins, an accountant in Enron blew the whistle for the company. She raised suspicions of accounting improprieties to Enron Chairman, Kenneth Lay. She also warned about Jeffrey Skilling (Chief Executive Oficeer), Fastow (Chief Financial Officer) and other executives who were duping the company. The Chairman just asked an outside law firm, to investigate about it. Before Enron finally declared bankruptcy, Watkins once again informed the chairman that the financial partnerships set up by the huge Houston energy company would prove disastrous and potentially destroy Enron. Coleen Rowley, a special agent with FBI, initially served in the Omaha, Nebraska and Jackson, Mississippi Divisions. After the 2001 attacks, Rowley wrote a paper to FBI Director, Robert Mueller, explaining that the FBI HQ personnel in Washington DC had ignored the warnings given by Minneapolis, Minnesota Field Office. In May of 2002, Rowley brought some of the pre 9-11 lapses to light and testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee about some of the endemic problems faced by FBI and the intelligence community. As a result, the FBI cleared a new Office of Intelligence and expanded the FBI personnel. Frank Serpico is yet another whistleblower. He joined the New York Police Department (NYPD) as a Probationary Officer in the year 1959. In 1967, Frank made his first formal report about the widespread, systematic police corruption, but the police department failed to do anything about it. He gave a complaint to the police Commissioner and the Mayor, but they ignored him. Frustrated, Serpico exposed the NYPD wrongdoings in The New York Times in 1971. Later, he was shot in the face during a raid. None of his colleagues came to help him. Later, Frank was promoted to the rank of detective and was given a gold shield. In May 1972, Frank was awarded the NYPDs Medal of Honor for his honesty and bravery in fighting corruption. Serpico quit NYPD in 1972. Jeffrey Wignand, Vice-President for tobacco research and development at Brown Williamson became the whistleblower on Bg Tobacco, telling how the industry minimized tobaccos health and safety issues. In a 1995 CBS news interview, 60 minutes, he went on speaking about the companys knowledge of nicotines addictive properties, its reckless use of harmless additives, its quashing of research on safe cigarettes, and a variety of other abuses. He was the center witness in the US governments lawsuit against the tobacco industry, which eventually led to the $246bn federal tobacco settlement. Later, Wignand formed a non-profit organization to educate children about health issues and reduce the usage of tobacco among teenagers. Examples of Whistle blowing from India Satyendra Dubey Talk of whistle blowing in the Indian context and one of the first cases that comes to the mind is that of NHAI engineer Satyendra Dubey. Satyendra Dubey, was one of those rare young men who was completely and uncomplicatedly honest. An engineer from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and working for National Highway Authority of India, Satyendra Dubey was supervising construction of the Prime Ministers dream project in the Koderma division in Jharkhand as a part of the Golden Quadrilateral project. In August 2003 he was transferred to Gaya. At Gaya, he exposed large-scale flouting of NHAI rules regarding sub-contracting and quality control. Meanwhile, faced with the possibility of high-level corruption within the NHAI, Dubey wrote directly to the Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, detailing the financial and contractual irregularities in the project. Despite a direct request that his identity be kept secret and despite the letters sensitive content, accusing some of Dubeys su periors, the letter along with bio-data was forwarded immediately to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Dubey faced several threats following this. On November 27, 2003, Dubey was found shot dead in the suburb of A.P. Colony in Gaya while he was returning from a wedding from Varanasi. Satyendra Dubeys death sparked off widespread public protest and highlighted the need and urgency of a whistleblowing act. It exposed the high levels of unethical practices being practiced in the uppermost echelons of the ministries and the unholy nexus with the mafia. Shanmugam Manjunath Another glaring example of the apathy faced by the whistle blowers in India is that of the Indian Oil engineer Shanmugam Manjunath. Manjunath was a marketing manager for the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) who was murdered for blewing the whistle on a scheme to sell impure gasoline. An MBA from Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow, Manjunath worked for IOC in Lucknow. While there, he had ordered two petrol pumps at Lakhimpur Kheri to be sealed for selling adulterated fuel for three months. On November 19, 2005, Manjunath was found dead in the backseat of his own car, his body riddled with at least six bullets. M N Vijaykumar M N Vijaykumar is an IAS officer in the southern state of Karnataka. He has a penchant for disciplining colleagues who supplement their modest salaries with bribes, kickbacks and garden-variety pilferage. He exposed serious corrupt practices at high levels. His wife, J N Jayashree, set up a website detailing her husbands efforts to fight corruption, and to safeguard her husbands life. Other Examples of Whistle blowing from Asia Yoichi Mizutani blew the whistle on a scam by Snow Brand Food Co. in 2002 while working as the president of a Japanese storage company named Nishinomiya Reizo. Snow had been mislabelling Australian beef as domestic beef so that it could benefit from the beef buy-back program of the government which was issued after an outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Japan. Mizutanis reward was an order from the Construction Transport Ministry company to suspend operations a suspension that lasted 16 months during investigation of the scam. Nishinomiya was eventually cleared of participation in Snows scheme. Myron A. Mehlman was the former director of toxicology and manager of Mobil Oils Environmental Health and Science Laboratories. He claimed that Mobil incorrectly reported results of his toxicological testing of Mobil products to company officials and outside agencies. Mehlman held his position from 1978 until he was fired in 1989. He supervised about 100 employees in conducting tests and safety evaluations of Mobils petrochemical products, including gasoline. Mehlman had warned that the true benzene levels in gasoline and other Mobil products posed a serious hazard to the public health and environment and that they should be reduced and that Mobil products should be modified. After his firing, Mehlman successfully sued Mobil charging that the company systematically covered up environmental and human health problems. Sibel Deniz Edmonds is a Turkish-American. She had worked as a FBI translator and founder of the National Security Whistleblowers Coalition (NSWBC). In March, 2002, she had accused a colleague of covering up illicit activity involving foreign nationals and also alleged that there were serious acts of security breaches, cover-ups, and intentional blocking of intelligence which according to her were a danger to the United States security. Following this she was fired from her position as a specialist of language at the FBIs Washington Field Office. Since that time, court proceedings on her whistleblower claims have been blocked by the assertion of State Secrets Privilege. On March 29, 2006, she was awarded the PEN/Newmans Own First Amendment Award in recognition of her defense of free speech as it applies to the written word. Marlene Garcia-Esperat (August 29, 1959 March 24, 2005 in Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines) was a Filipina whistleblower and investigative journalist who wrote a weekly anti-graft column for local newspapers. As a result of her anti-corruption work, she was murdered in her own home. Her case is significant, as it is the first in the 56 murders of Filipino journalists since 1986 for which the people ultimately responsible were identified, in addition to the people directly involved. Esperat, as former employee of the Department of Agriculture in Central Mindanao (DA-12) and Midland Review, Tacurong City columnist, exposed the alleged Jocelyn Jocjoc Bolante fertilizer funds scam, in which President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was implicated. Dr. Ramin Pourandarjani (9 June 1983 10 November 2009) was an Iranian physician who examined prisoners who were wounded or killed during the 2009 Iranian elections protests. He had reported on the state use of tortureon political prisoners. He died under suspicious circumstances on November 10, 2009, at the age of 26. Tehrans public prosecutor Abbas Dowlatabadi said Ramin Pourandarjani died of poisoning from a delivery salad laced with an overdose of blood pressure medication. The findings fueled opposition fears that he was killed because of what he knew. Pourandarjani had worked as a physician at the Kahrizak detention center. Iranian authorities earlier had claimed at various points that Pourandarjani had been injured in a car accident, committed suicide, or died of a heart attack in his sleep at the health center at the police headquarters in Tehran where he worked. The Future of Whistleblowing The following are some of the principles for whistleblowing legislation based on international best practice that should be considered when developing new legislation. The work of the OAS Working Group is also a valuable resource including the Model Law on whistleblowing developed a few years ago: Broad Coverage The law should have a broad coverage. It should apply to public and private sector employees and also those who may face retribution outside the employer-employee relationship such as consultants, former employees, temporary workers, students, benefit seekers, family members and others. It should also apply to national security cases. Protection against retribution The law should have a broad definition of retribution that covers all types of job sanctions, harassment, loss of status or benefits, and other detriments. Employees should be also to seek interim relief to return to the job while the case is pending or be allowed to seek transfers to other equivalent jobs within the organization if return to the existing one is not advisable due to possible retribution. Protection of free speech The law should recognize that there is a significant importance in free speech whistleblowing. Public interest and harm tests should be applied to each release of any information that could have been released under FOI cannot be sanctioned. Confidentiality The law should allow for whistleblowers to request that their identity should remain confidential as far as possible. However, the body should make the person aware of the problems with confidentiality and also make clear that the protection is not absolute. Waiver of liability Any act of public disclosure should be made immune for liability under other acts such as Official Secrets and libel/slander laws. An even more significant move would be to eliminate archaic Official Secrets Acts such as already has been done in New Zealand. Compensation Compensation should be broadly defined to cover all losses and place the person back at their previous situation. This should include any loss of earnings and further earnings. This loss should not be capped. There should also be provisions to pay for pain and suffering incurred because of the release and any retaliation. Rewards In some cases, whistleblowers should be rewarded for making disclosures that result in important recovery of funds or discoveries of wrongdoing. Qui Tam cases, such as have been used in the US, may be an appropriate mechanism for recoveries. Disclosure Procedures The law should set up reasonable procedures to encourage and facilitate internal procedures to disclosure wrongdoing. However, the procedures should be straightforward and easily allow for disclose outside organizations to higher bodies, legislators and the media in cases where it is likely that the internal procedure would be ineffective. There should be easy access to legal advice to facilitate disclosures and reduce misunderstandings. No sanctions for misguided or false reporting The law should not allow for criminal sanctions against whistle blowers who make false disclosures. The disclosure might have been made in good faith. In case of delibarate falsehood, normal sanctions such as a loss of job should be sufficient. Extensive training and publication The